Biochem-306

1. BIOCHEM-306                  ELEMENTARY BIOCHEMISTRY                  4(3 -1)

 Course Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course students will be able to;

1. Understand basic knowledge about biomolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
2. Learn anabolic and catabolic pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acids
3. Explain different biochemical assays for the quantitative and qualitative estimation of biomolecules

 Theory

Introduction to biochemistry; pH & its importance; Buffer: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation; Carbohydrates: Introduction, classification, glycoside linkages & glycosides isomers, optical activity & rotations, chemical properties of monosaccharide, structure and functions of important monosaccharide, Homopolysaccharide, Heteropolysaccharides; Proteins: Introduction, classification; Structure and classification of amino acids, amphoteric properties of amino acids, concept of Isoelectric pH, peptide linkages; Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; Enzymes: General characteristics and classification, enzyme kinetics; Lipids: Introduction, structure and classification of fatty acids, nomenclature of fatty acid, physical properties of fatty acids and triglycerides, chemical properties of fatty acid  and triglycerides; Sterols and Cholesterol; Prostaglandin and their physical role; Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, regulation, energy production, Kreb’s Cycle, regulation, energy production, Electron transport chain, pentose phosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis; Protein metabolism: Degradation of proteins and amino acids; Urea cycle and its importance, urea toxicity, regulation of urea cycle; Bioenergetics of protein metabolism; Lipid metabolism: Beta oxidation of even and odd chain fatty acids, biosynthesis of fatty acids, biosynthesis of triglycerides, biosynthesis of cholesterol, biosynthesis of Ketone bodies; DNA metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of nucleic acids; Comparative features among animal species of particular relevance, comparative metabolism of mono-gastric and poly-gastric animals.

Practical

Preparation of solutions: Preparation of percentage, molar and normal solutions; Preparation of buffer; Carbohydrate Analysis: Group identification test, Identification of Mono, di and polysaccharides, Identification of reducing sugars, ketose sugar and their confirmation by phenyl hydrazine test, Identification scheme for carbohydrates; Quantitative estimation of glucose in blood sample by glucose oxidase method; Estimation of amino acids by spectrophotometery, Biuret test and ninhydrin test; Precipitation tests of proteins: precipitation of casein at isoelectric point, salt saturation tests, serum protein fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation; Separation of the colour pigments of berseen/alfalfa by paper chromatography; Identification of lipids.

Suggested Readings

1. Berg, J.M, L. J. Tymoczko, G.J. Gatto and L. Stryer. 2019. Biochemistry. 9th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, USA
2. Boyer, R. 2012. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 4th Ed. (LPE). Pearson Education, New Delhi, India.
3. Murray, R., D. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.I. Kennelly, V. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2012. Harper’s Issustrated Biochemistry. 29th Ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. New York, USA.
4.  Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York, USA.
5. Nigram, A. and A. Ayyagari. 2007. Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Dehli, India.
6. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series I), 2023, 3rd  edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-04-1.
7. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series II), 2023. 2^nd edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-05-8.
8. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series III), 2024, 1^st edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-06-5.